青藏高原壳幔结构构造的基本特征          下载免费PDF全文

王桥  潘桂棠  唐发伟  杨剑  夏时斌  张伟  李华  高慧  廖国忠 《沉积与特提斯地质》2022,42(2):319-329

青藏高原是新生代以来由于印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞而迅速隆起,平均海拔超过4000 m的高原,是研究碰撞过程和形成演化的理想窗口。有关青藏高原的碰撞过程及印度板块岩石圈北缘界线,至今仍然存在较大争议,这可能主要是由于不同研究方法获得认识的差异性和局限性所导致。基于此,本文利用前人深部结构资料,讨论了高原岩石圈的壳幔构造及物质组成等,并从新的地质视角讨论了班怒带的大地构造属性。通过梳理前人的深部结构资料,认为青藏高原的壳幔岩石圈结构较为复杂,如高原内部岩石圈厚度显著大于周缘地区,中下地壳及上地幔广泛分布着低速高导层,这些特殊的地质地球物理结构是印亚板块碰撞的结果。此外,本文进一步对比分析了班怒带的地质与地球物理结构,揭示该构造带两侧存在显著的差异,认为其是印度岩石圈的北缘,这对于认识青藏高原的形成演化具有重要的意义。  相似文献   

青海东昆仑洪水河铁矿床新元古代含铁建造铁同位素特征及其成因意义     

丁清峰  吴睿哲  张强  周轩 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2022,52(5):1497-1511

青海省东昆仑造山带洪水河铁矿床为一中型铁矿床,其含铁建造产于狼牙山组千枚岩中,矿石类型主要为块状磁铁石英岩型,少量为条带状磁铁石英岩型,前人一般认为其属于沉积变质型铁矿床。本文在前人研究基础上,对洪水河铁矿区含铁建造中块状铁矿石进行了铁同位素、主量元素、稀土元素和微量元素分析。结果显示：除1件样品外,其余含铁建造样品的铁同位素δ56FeIRMM014均介于0.97‰~1.97‰之间,和全球典型新元古代含铁建造的Fe同位素特征基本一致;铁矿石的SiO₂+Fe₂O₃质量分数高达78.56%~98.06%,具有极低的Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值（0.00~0.06）,为典型的化学沉积岩;总稀土元素（w (∑REE)）变化范围为(16.49~80.89)×10^-6,没有明显的Ce异常(Ce/Ce*为0.93~1.05),轻稀土元素轻微亏损,显示出类似新元古代含铁建造型的特点。综合对比洪水河铁矿区含铁建造的Fe同位素组成、沉积时代和地球化学特征,推断洪水河铁矿区含铁建造的沉积环境为新元古代柴达木—东昆北陆块的被动大陆边缘构造环境,铁等成矿物质主要来源于海相热液流体;富含Fe²+的海相热液流体上涌并逐渐演变为低温热液后在亚氧化水体环境中与含氧海水混合,最后导致Fe²+被部分氧化并形成氢氧化铁,氢氧化铁逐渐沉积在大陆斜坡上最终形成含铁建造。洪水河铁矿的成因类型可划归为拉皮坦型新元古代含铁建造。  相似文献   

Rapid screening of Zr-containing particles from Chang’e-5 lunar soil samples for isotope geochronology: Technical roadmap for future study     

《地学前缘(英文版)》2022,13(3):101367

New samples returned by China Chang’e-5 (CE-5) mission offer an opportunity for studying the lunar geologic longevity, space weathering, and regolith evolution. The age determination of the CE-5 samples was among the first scientific questions to be answered. However, the precious samples, most in the micrometer size range, challenge many traditional analyses on large single crystals of zircon developed for massive bulk samples. Here, we developed a non-destructive rapid screening of individual zirconium-containing particle for isotope geochronology based on a Micro X-ray fluorescence analysis (µXRF). The selected particles were verified via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 3D X-ray microscopy (XRM), and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) techniques, which showed that zirconium-bearing minerals with several microns were precisely positioned and readily suitable for site-specific isotopic dating by second ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Such protocol could be also applicable in non-destructively screening other types of particles for different scientific purposes. We therefore proposed a correlative workflow for comprehensively studying the CE-5 lunar samples from single particles on nanometer to atomic scales. Linking various microscopic and spectromicroscopic instruments together, this workflow consists of six steps: (1) single-particle selection with non-destructive µXRF technique, (2) 2D/3D morphological and structural characterization with a correlative submicron 3D XRM and nanoscale resolution FIB-SEM imaging methods, (3) SEM analysis of the surface morphology and chemistry of the selected particle, (4) a series of microscopic and microbeam analyses (e.g., SEM, electron probe microanalysis, and SIMS) on the cross-section of the selected particle to obtain structural, mineralogical, chemical, and isotopic features from the micron to nanometer scale, (5) advanced 2D/3D characterization and site-specific sample preparation of thin foil/tip specimens on a microregion of interest in the selected particle with FIB-SEM technique, and (6) comprehensive analyses on the FIB-milled specimens at nanometer to atomic scale with synchrotron-based scanning transmission X-ray microscopy, analytic transmission electron microscopy, and atom probe tomography. Following this technical roadmap, one can integrate multiple modalities into a uniform frame of multimodal and multiscale correlated datasets to acquire high-throughput information on the limited or precious terrestrial and extraterrestrial samples.  相似文献   

Geology and mineralization of the supergiant Shimensi granitic-type W-Cu-Mo deposit (1.168 Mt) in northern Jiangxi,South China: A Review     

《China Geology》2022,5(3):510-527

The Shimensi deposit is a recently discovered W-Cu-Mo polymetallic deposit located in the Jiangnan porphyry-skarn W belt in South China. The deposit has a resource of 0.74×10⁶ t of WO₃ accompanied by 0.4×10⁶ t Cu and 28000 t Mo and other useful components like Ga, making it one of the largest W deposits in the world. This paper is aimed to reveal the ore-controlling mechanisms of the Shimensi deposit, involving the role of the ore-related granites, the tectonic background for its formation, and the metallogenesis model. The systematic geological survey suggests multi-types of alteration are developed in the deposit, mainly including greisenization, potassic-alteration, sericitization, chloritization, and silicification. Drilling engineering data and mining works indicate that the Shimensi deposit consists of two main orebodies of I and II. Therein, the W resource has reached a supergiant scale, and the accompanied Cu, Mo, Au, Bi, Ga, and some other useful components are also of economic significance. The main ore-minerals consist of scheelite, wolframite and chalcopyrite. Disseminated mineralization is the dominant type of the W-Cu-Mo polymetallic orebodies, and mainly distributes in the inner and external contact zone that between the Neoproterozoic biotite granodiorite and the Yanshanian granites. The main orebody occurs at the external contact zone, and the pegmatoid crust near the inner contact zone is an important prospecting marker of the W mineralization. Of them, the disseminated W ores within the wall rock of the Neoproterozoic biotite granodiorite is a new mineralization type identified in this paper. Combining previous geochronological and isotopic data, we propose that the mineralization of the Shimensi deposit is closely related to the intruding of the Yanshanian porphyritic biotite granite and granite porphyry. Geochemical data suggest that the biotite granodiorite is rich in Ca and had provided a large amount of Ca for the precipitation of scheelite in this area. Thus, it is a favorable wall rock type for W mineralization. The Shimensi deposit belongs to granitic-type W polymetallic deposit related to post-magmatic hydrothermal, and the ore-forming fluid was initially derived from the Yanshanian magmas.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office.  相似文献   

西秦岭大店沟金矿成矿流体演化及矿床成因     

缪广  董国臣  屈海浪  刘舒飞  艾忠林  史鹏亮  曹雪峰 《现代地质》2021,35(6):1565-1575

大店沟金矿是西秦岭成矿带近年来新发现的中型金矿床,金矿体赋存在下古生界丹凤群木其滩组绢云绿泥石英片岩中,叠加在北东东向脆韧性剪切带中的脆性构造为成矿结构面。在总结控矿地质特征的基础上,通过开展系统的流体包裹体、稳定同位素地球化学研究及成矿流体演化、矿床成因探讨,认为成矿期共分半自形黄铁矿、它形粒状黄铁矿、石英多金属硫化物和碳酸盐-黄铁矿4个成矿阶段,其中它形黄铁矿阶段和石英多金属硫化物阶段为最主要成矿阶段。流体包裹体类型以水溶液包裹体、CO₂三相包裹体和纯CO₂包裹体为主,成矿温度集中在120~256 ℃之间,成矿流体盐度为4.03%~15.27%。H-O同位素研究显示成矿热液主要为变质水混合大气降水,S同位素组成特征表明成矿物质来自深源;流体不混溶和沸腾作用是金沉淀的主要机制,矿床成因类型为造山型金矿。通过成矿结构面舒缓波状特征规律总结,判断成矿流体沿成矿结构面自南西深部向北东浅部运移、沉淀,形成分段富集矿化。  相似文献   

新疆色尔特能地区超镁铁岩岩石地球化学特征及构造环境分析          下载免费PDF全文

黄鑫  杨镜明  王忠阳 《地质找矿论丛》2021,36(4):466-474

通过对出露在康古尔韧性剪切带西段的色尔特能超镁铁岩的野外地质调查和岩石学、岩石地球化学方面的分析研究工作,结果显示：色尔特能超镁铁岩发生了强烈蛇纹石化,基本蚀变成蛇纹岩;岩石主量元素具高Mg （w（MgO）=36.15%~37.96%）、高Cr （w（Cr₂O₃）=0.32%~0.36%）、高Ni （w（NiO）=0.17%~0.21%）、低Si （w（SiO₂）=40.50%~41.92%）、贫Al （w（Al₂O₃）=1.19%~1.77%）、低Fe （w（TFeO）=6.98%~7.87%）特征,Mg^#值为94.71~97.73,m/f值为8.03~9.42,属于典型镁质超镁铁岩,推测原岩为斜方辉石橄榄岩;稀土元素总量w（ΣREE）=1.44×10^-6~2.92×10^-6,配分模式为轻稀土微弱富集近平坦型,w（La）_N/w（Yb）_N=3.09~5.49,具一定程度的负Eu异常（δEu=0.48~1.09）和负Ce异常（δCe=0.53~0.60）;微量元素富集Ba、U、Ta,亏损Nb、Ti。色尔特能超镁铁岩属变质橄榄岩,是SSZ型蛇绿岩的底部组成单元,由原始地幔经2%~10%部分熔融形成的亏损地幔岩,其形成于俯冲带环境中的洋内弧后盆地。  相似文献   

基于水热耦合的青藏高原分布式水文模型——Ⅱ.考虑冰川和冻土的尼洋河流域水循环过程模拟          下载免费PDF全文

刘扬李  周祖昊  刘佳嘉  王鹏翔  李玉庆  朱熠明  姜欣彤  王康  王富强 《水科学进展》2021,32(2):201-210

尼洋河流域是雅鲁藏布江第四大支流,受冰川、积雪和冻土影响,水循环关系极其复杂。为深入研究该区域内的水文循环过程,本文在寒区水循环模型（WEP-COR）的基础上,针对青藏高原气候和地质特点,构建了耦合“积雪-土壤-砂砾石层”连续体和“积雪-冰川”水热过程模拟的青藏高原分布式水循环模型（WEP-QTP）。在尼洋河流域通过对2013—2016年的流量过程模拟发现,工布江达和泥曲站的逐月流量Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数分别达到0.810和0.752,比改进前的0.430和0.095有明显提升;以2015年为例,对比WEP-COR和WEP-QTP模型发现,WEP-QTP模型在汛期特别是主汛前（冻土融化期）模拟的流量过程不会出现较大的波动,模拟得到的逐日流量Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数相比WEP-COR从-0.67提高到0.54。模型增强了地下水含水层的调节作用,使得流量过程更加平稳且接近实测,研究结果表明,WEP-QTP模型适用于青藏高原的水文模拟。  相似文献   

滇西漕涧地区崇山杂岩带始新世花岗岩的发现及其地质意义     

黄亮  浦涛  刘军平  王晓林  刘小春  熊波  宋冬虎 《地球学报》2021,42(5):579-592

崇山杂岩带为滇西三江造山系西侧边缘的一条重要边界构造,属青藏高原造山带的南东缘.带内岩浆活动强烈,前人认为其主要由晚元古代、中生代的花岗岩组成;而据地质调查发现,带内新生代的岩浆作用十分发育.本文对带内新发现的灰白色黑云二花岗岩进行研究,获得了锆石U-Pb LA-ICP-MS年龄为34.88 Ma和35.25 Ma,表明其侵位于古近纪始新世.岩石地球化学表明,黑云二花岗岩为钾玄质-高钾钙碱性系列的过铝质花岗岩类,稀土元素配分曲线为右倾,其中LREE明显富集,HREE为不同程度亏损,具明显的负Eu异常;富集Rb、Th、Ce、Sm和亏损K、Ba、Ta、Hf、Y等元素,且为淡色花岗岩特征;据锆石Hf同位素测试分析,εHf(t)值为–2.35～+2.33和TDM2为962～1259 Ma,表明了花岗岩岩浆源区为壳幔混合的产物,以及源岩主要源自中元古代—新元古代陆壳基底物质的部分熔融.综合研究认为,始新世黑云二长花岗岩形成于喜马拉雅期碰撞造山向造山晚期转换阶段,是一套典型的"超厚地壳"部分熔融和壳幔相互作用的淡色花岗岩;以及其侵位时间代表了漕涧地区喜马拉雅碰撞造山阶段的完成和造山晚期阶段的开始,且转换时间约为35 Ma.  相似文献   

基于KronosFlow软件对逆冲推覆带构造-热演化的初探     

李丹  常健  李晨星  姚同云  刘敏珠 《地质力学学报》2021,27(6):975-986

盆地模拟是含油气盆地勘探评价的重要技术方法之一,然而传统的盆地建模2D模拟技术仅适用于拉张型盆地,使得挤压型盆地横向上的热史重建一直是个难题,从而制约了进一步的油气勘探。目前由法国Beicip-Franlab公司设计的KronosFlow软件突破了传统盆模软件对逆冲推覆带、盐构造和泥底辟等复杂构造的局限性,精确控制了横向和垂向上的构造位移,通过跟踪单个网格连续运动形态、恢复侧向变形量以及与TemisFlow软件无缝衔接,实现了对挤压型盆地埋藏史、热史、生排烃史以及油气运聚史的恢复。以塔里木盆地北缘柯坪逆冲推覆带和库车逆冲推覆带为例,利用KronosFlow软件定量反演了新生代以来的构造-热演化历史,并以实测数据约束并验证挤压环境下盆地模拟结果的有效性。柯坪逆冲推覆带的依木干他乌断层在40~30 Ma再次活动,断层附近志留系—泥盆系的温度大于85 ℃,柯坪塔格断层在15~10 Ma活动,断层附近志留系—泥盆系的温度小于70 ℃,寒武系（烃源岩成熟度为1.3%~1.7%）和奥陶系（烃源岩成熟度为0.7%~1.2%）烃源岩热演化程度高,生烃能力强。库车逆冲推覆带侏罗系北段温度介于50~70 ℃,南段温度介于210~230 ℃,盐构造造成地温异常,其中秋里塔格构造带膏盐岩最厚,降温效果最明显。   相似文献   

新疆东准噶尔顿巴斯套金矿地质特征及矿床成因     

刘文祥  邓小华  吴艳爽  韩申  陈西  李巽  王永  陈衍景 《地质论评》2021,67(1):67020022-67020022

新疆东准噶尔地区自北向南发育额尔齐斯、阿尔曼太、卡拉麦里三条大型构造带,南北两条构造带已发现大量造山型金矿,而阿尔曼太构造带与南北构造带具有相似的成矿地质背景,却未见造山型金矿的报道。因此,笔者等选取了该构造带最重要的金矿床——顿巴斯套金矿,开展了详细的岩相学、矿相学研究以及构造解析。研究表明,该矿床具有区域性断裂的次级断裂控矿、脆—韧性剪切带控矿、背斜核部控矿“三位一体”的控矿特征,其中,NW—SE向脆—韧性剪切带是最重要的控矿构造,金矿化显著晚于矿区赋矿岩浆岩——石英闪长玢岩,且该矿床与相邻构造带典型的造山型金矿地质地球化学特征相似。结合成矿流体具有中低温、富CO2的特征,综合认为顿巴斯套金矿是典型的造山型金矿。将该矿床成矿过程划分为3期：① 以产出草莓状黄铁矿为典型特征的沉积期;② 以黄铁矿压实、结核、重结晶为特征的成岩期;③ 以产出热液脉和金的矿化为典型特征的热液期。热液期进一步划分为两个阶段：以脆—韧性变形为主的铁白云石—石英—黄铁矿阶段和由脆—韧性变形向脆性变形转变的石英—钠长石—方解石阶段。黄铁矿可划分为6个世代、毒砂可划分为3个世代：① Py1为沉积成因的黄铁矿,具有草莓状、胶状等特殊结构;② Py2为成岩作用形成的黄铁矿,具有顺层分布、呈结核状等特征;③ 热液期毒砂Apy1,粒度20~50 μm,自形、半自形,常与金共生;④ 热液期毒砂Apy2,自形,粒度80~200 μm;⑤ 热液期黄铁矿Py3,他形—自形,粒度50~150 μm,以内部包体多、孔洞多为显著特征;⑥热液期黄铁矿Py4,半自形—自形,粒度100~250 μm,以包体多,孔洞少,发育压力影为特征;⑦ 热液期Py5,以背散射下亮度高、显著富As为特征;⑧ 热液期毒砂Apy3：以颗粒粗大、自形、内部包体少、发育碎裂结构和压力影为特征;⑨ 热液期黄铁Py6：以颗粒粗大、半自形到自形、内部包体少、发育碎裂结构和压力影为特征。随着脆—韧性变形作用进行,黄铁矿、毒砂的粒度有序递增,自形程度逐渐升高,而品位逐渐降低,金的沉淀主要发生在脆—韧性变形阶段,脆性变形阶段无金矿化。主成矿阶段标志性的铁白云石化蚀变、微细浸染状的黄铁矿化、毒砂化蚀变可以作为找矿标志。  相似文献